Deliver me to the Moon

Dear Reader,

Humans have always wondered about the universe and always strive to know more about the universe we live it. Our nearest celestial body, the Moon, has been the subject of many movies, books, songs, poems, moods, and even a means of rationalizing some of the things we do. We've now gone beyond the Moon and are stretching our arms towards Mars and beyond. And who wouldn't want to go to another planet and have an out of earth experience.

My nephews, together we call them ROAR are 5 and 2 year old. They first learned about the moon by looking up on a starry night in LA and were fascinated by this big round white object, that sometimes is a little orange and keeps changing shape every day. They learned more about other planets in our solar system in day care and ask plenty of questions about the Moon and how to get there. And thus were introduced to drones, airplanes, jets, rockets and shuttles. Here a collage of ROAR, roaring to the camera :)

But they didn't stop with how to get to the moon, they wanted to know where to go on the moon and asked me questions like "Can we go to someone's house?", "Can we land on the airport?", "Can we send something to the moon?", etc. When I told them that no one really lives on the moon and it's not easy for someone to live on the moon due to its gravity and atmosphere, they were heart broken and slowly they forgot about the moon. But their fascination with airplanes and anything that can fly didn't end.

This got me thinking about how would someone decide where to go on the moon or for that matter any planet?

There are no streets, landmarks, buildings or even countries on the Moon. Some locations on the Moon are named but thankfully the moon has coordinates just like our Earth and they are called Selenographic coordinates. One can pin point any location on the moon with its selenographic coordinates and even deliver something on the moon.

Man isn't just restricting him/her to the Moon. We have even started thinking about how to deliver to Mars and have figured out how to send stuff to Mars via a postal service!

It would be interesting to see what is the first thing we deliver to the moon (or for that matter even Mars). I, for one, am curious to know. What do you think?

Until next time.

Regards,
Jyothin

PS: ROAR miss you guys!

Lose Yourself

"Lose Yourself" - Eminem

Look, if you had, one shot, or one opportunity
To seize everything you ever wanted. In one moment
Would you capture it, or just let it slip?
Yo
His palms are sweaty, knees weak, arms are heavy
There's vomit on his sweater already, mom's spaghetti
He's nervous, but on the surface he looks calm and ready to drop bombs,
But he keeps on forgetting what he wrote down,
The whole crowd goes so loud
He opens his mouth, but the words won't come out
He's choking how, everybody's joking now
The clock's run out, time's up, over, blaow!
Snap back to reality. Oh, there goes gravity
Oh, there goes Rabbit, he choked
He's so mad, but he won't give up that
Easy, no
He won't have it, he knows his whole back's to these ropes
It don't matter, he's dope
He knows that but he's broke
He's so sad that he knows
When he goes back to his mobile home, that's when it's
Back to the lab again, yo
This whole rhapsody
He better go capture this moment and hope it don't pass him

[Hook:]
 
You better lose yourself in the music, the moment
You own it, you better never let it go (go)
You only get one shot, do not miss your chance to blow
This opportunity comes once in a lifetime (yo)
You better lose yourself in the music, the moment
You own it, you better never let it go (go)
You only get one shot, do not miss your chance to blow
This opportunity comes once in a lifetime (yo)
(You better)
The soul's escaping, through this hole that is gaping
This world is mine for the taking
Make me king, as we move toward a new world order
A normal life is boring, but superstardom's close to postmortem
It only grows harder, homie grows hotter
He blows. It's all over. These hoes is all on him
Coast to coast shows, he's known as the globetrotter
Lonely roads, God only knows
He's grown farther from home, he's no father
He goes home and barely knows his own daughter
But hold your nose 'cause here goes the cold water
His hoes don't want him no more, he's cold product
They moved on to the next schmoe who flows
He nose dove and sold nada
So the soap opera is told and unfolds
I suppose it's old partner, but the beat goes on
Da da dum da dum da da da da

[Hook]

No more games, I'm a change what you call rage
Tear this motherfucking roof off like two dogs caged
I was playing in the beginning, the mood all changed
I've been chewed up and spit out and booed off stage
But I kept rhyming and stepped right into the next cypher
Best believe somebody's paying the Pied Piper
All the pain inside amplified by the
Fact that I can't get by with my 9 to 5
And I can't provide the right type of life for my family
'Cause man, these goddamn food stamps don't buy diapers
And it's no movie, there's no Mekhi Phifer, this is my life
And these times are so hard, and it's getting even harder
Trying to feed and water my seed, plus
Teeter totter caught up between being a father and a primadonna
Baby, mama drama's screaming on her
Too much for me to wanna
Stay in one spot, another day of monotony's gotten me
To the point, I'm like a snail
I've got to formulate a plot or I end up in jail or shot
Success is my only motherfucking option, failure's not
Mom, I love you, but this trailer's got to go
I cannot grow old in Salem's lot
So here I go it's my shot.
Feet, fail me not
This may be the only opportunity that I got

[Hook]

You can do anything you set your mind to, man 

Shopping High

Dear Reader,

Its been a while since I've blogged. I can't think of any one excuse and there certainly are myriad number of reasons for not having the time to sit down and write one. However, I've had some interesting experiences in the past couple of months worthwhile sharing. Once such experience was on a trip to Seattle for a week and what I learned about people's shopping habits while traveling.

I was waiting to board my flight in Hyderabad getting ready for the long flight and noticed a young woman swiping through apparel after apparel on her smart phone. I couldn't identify which mobile app she was using and what was the e-commerce company but I could see that she was searching for something specific - a specific kind of dress.

It looked like she was unable to find it and it was soon time to board the flight. She had to put away her smartphone. I didn't see her again until the flight took off. Once in the air and after the seat belt sign was turned off. I took the liberty of walking around a bit to see if I can spot her. Unfortunately, I couldn't and had to return to my seat. However, I kept wondering, given an opportunity would she have continued her shopping experience on the flight?

Most activities on a long haul flight center around, eating, watching something on the In-Flight Entertainment (IFE) system, listening to music, sleeping, reading, using an electronic device (such as a laptop, tablet device, portable DVD player, etc.) and such. Shopping is not a big activity primarily because there isn't a wide ranging collection of items to shop from. The prices too seem unreasonable in some cases. Shopping is one way to spend time on a long boring flight. Better still, if it is part of the IFE then it makes it that much more easier to look for something that you want to buy. And what could be better than using a more familiar e-commerce experience to shop.

After my trip, I spent some time understanding the in-flight experience industry and below are links to some research reports.

Global IFE Market Overview
The Future of Airline Retail - The Quest for Growth

Albeit old, the reports do throw some interesting insights on how airline passengers spend their time in-flight.

Connectivity will certainly bring new experiences to airline passengers. With connectivity a means to shop "in the air" or "Shopping High" will be a reality. But what makes the "Shopping High" experience memorable is when one can promise a delivery on a certain day/time and at a certain location. This also throws some interesting questions -

• Can one promise delivery when the plane lands? It could be on the shorter leg of a multi-hop longer flight or it could be on the longer leg itself.
• Maybe the package is too big for the customer to carry from the airport hence wants it to be delivered to their home the next day (airline passengers are typically in a rush to get home after a long flight and may not even want to have the extra luggage to carry home).
• Maybe they forgot to buy a gift for someone and want to order something that will be gift wrapped. 
• Maybe they just want to look at what's new and interesting.

On the whole, its the complete experience that will make in-flight shopping a maker or breaker of a new market segment for e-commerce companies. Who knows, one might get more orders when the customer is in the air than when they are on the ground.

So, what would be the first thing you'd order on a Shopping High! Let me know in the comments section. Do drop me a note if you find some interesting reports on the same topic.

Until next time.

Regards,

Jyothin

Roti, Internet aur Makaan (Food, Internet and Shelter)

Dear Reader,

If you are entrepreneur (or have ever been one) and didn't have the luxury of getting funded early on, you may have faced numerous situations where you have to cut costs both in your business as well as in your personal life. What are the bear essentials that got you through?

There may also have been numerous times when you doubted your start-up course or wished you had taken on a path that you initially did not want to. Did you stick to your course or take the path of least resistance?

Roti, Kapada aur Makaan (Food, Clothing and Shelter) - is a 1974 Bollywood movie about a protagonist struggling to support his family in a life of poverty and trying to get out of poverty, in-spite of being educated and unable to find a job. Eventually, he is faced with a dilemma; whether to stick to his morals or take the path of least resistance (possibly even illegal).

I have NOT seen the movie and I don't know how it ends. I'm not much into 3-hour melodramatic movies. In fact, I was born years after the movie was released!

Side Note: There is a song in the movie, Mehngai Maar Gayi, which is essentially a plead by a bunch of labourers about how 'Mehengai' (inflation or expensiveness) will eat away everything of what is left... or something like that (my Hindi fails me here). I still think this rant is applicable even in 2015

But here's the difference...


The essence of a similar 2015 movie is no longer Roti, Kapada aur Makaan but Roti, Internet aur Makaan.

One cannot do without Roti. You need food to survive.

One cannot do without Makaan. You need some kind of shelter preferably your own.

I don't mean to say that kapada is longer required. It is, and it is essential but Internet access provides many advantages and conveniences.

Kapada - non-designer and designer, affordable and not-affordable - is accessible in 2015 with a little effort. Internet, on the other hand, provides access to and convenience of communications, banking, shopping, education, news, weather, music, videos, entertainment, games, real-time events, real-time prices, information of all kinds, you can market yourself, you can sell something, you can rant, you can comment, you can protest, you can gather support, you can contribute, you can make friends, you can find a life partner, you can watch porn, etc. You name it and you have it (you can't, however, exercise on the Internet!)

You can buy unbranded clothes for as low as Rs. 200 ($3.5) on the Internet!

Some would say, it is no longer Roti, Kapada aur Makaan but Roti, Gaadi aur Makaan (this is true in countries where automobile dependency is high, or maybe it is not! I don't have a better counter argument nor any supporting data. Maybe we should just ask someone who doesn't have both, knows the advantages/disadvantages of each, and see what their preference is, Gaadi or Internet).

Going back to an entrepreneurs life... if you are an Internet entrepreneur, perhaps Internet is more important to you than even Roti and Makaan :)

What do you think? What is your Roti, ________, Makaan?

Regards,
Jyothin

PS1: Gaadi here refers to an owned 2-wheeler or a 4-wheeler.

PS2: For a while I felt I was not doing justice to this blog. I felt I was biased towards Internet when compared to Gaadi. So, I drew on some of my own experiences of other's personal preferences. I was, of course, limited to only those who live in the cities, earn well and personally don't give a damn either way. But nevertheless, 1) at a dinner with friends, the topic of discussion was about a couple who recently bought their second car; which car was better, who used what and when. It even went down to the husband and wife upping each other on which one of them had the better car. Needless to say, the bigger car won, 2) owning your own vehicle is a dream come true for some, especially those who never had the luxury of owning one. For them, Gaadi IS more important than Internet. After all, personal vehicles have been around longer than the Internet, 3) the comfort of having your own vehicle means you can go anywhere, anytime, have your own personal space, etc. which to some means more than having an Internet connection, 4) you don't get an adrenalin rush with high speed Internet but you do get one driving fast. What other reasons can you think of?

Therefore, a more apt title to this blog is, perhaps, Roti, Internet, Makaan aur Gaadi!!

PS3: I met a fellow entrepreneur in the transportation & logistics space and for some reason, out of the blue, he was telling me that Gaadi is important to get 'access' to Roti, Kapada aur Makaan. I wasn't too convinced. What do you think?

PS4: If you know how the movie ends, drop me a note in the comments section.

PS5: I have increased the font size in this blog

PS6:
Aaja meri gaadi mein baith ja
Aaja meri gaadi mein baith ja
Long drive jayenge, full speed jayenge, kahi rukenge na hum
Gaana-bajana khaana-peena gaddi mein hoga sanam

Is not the same as...

Aaja meri Internet mein surf kar
Aaja meri Internet mein surf kar
High speed upload, full speed download, kabhi rukenge na hum
Email-chatting shopping-vidoes Internet mein hoga sanam

Kernel mein (as in hindi) Kernel

Dear Reader,

I've backlogged quite a bit on my blogs and hope to complete them in the next couple of weeks. Every time I sit to complete a blog, I'm flooded with topics for a new blog!! This blog is technical and addresses issues in data security.

I will be updating this blog later with some code snippets and samples. But until then, I've only penned my thoughts.

Let me know what you think in the comments section.

Regards,
Jyothin

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Introduction

Mobile device security is getting the much needed push by technologist to provide a secure mobile experience to users. Whether it is financial transactions, personal data security, photo security, device security, protection from viruses, etc., it is imperative that one thinks about how secure their lives are with mobile devices becoming extensions of an individuals personality.

There are numerous ways in which a device can be made secure; DaaS (Desktop as a Service), ACL (Access Control Lists), encrypted data transmission, etc. and some of them go that extra mile to ensure device security; double encryption, remote wipes and auto-locks, mobile ID authentication mechanisms, isolated special subnets for mobiles, signal range control, etc.

The Probability of 'Safe'-keeping

In a non digital scenario, when an average person wants to safe keep items that are dear to them, the most likely way to do it is to install a safe in their house and secure it with a password or number lock. Sounds fine and work pretty well in most cases. Lets call this safe the outer safe.

Lets for a moment assume that the probability of someone breaking into the safe and stealing your items is x. Hence the probability of someone accessing your data is x.

Lets also assume that, you feel that x is not small enough for you. So you decide to put another mini-safe within the outer safe and also secure it with a password or number lock or any other better locking mechanism. Lets call this mini-safe the inner safe. Now the probability of someone stealing your outer safe is still x but the probability of someone accessing your data is not x.

Assume again that the probability of someone managing to break open the inner safe is y. By theory of probability the probability of someone accessing your items is x times y.

With only an outer safe:
P[break opening the safe] = x
P[accessing your items] = x

With an inner safe inside the outer safe:
P[break opening the outer safe] = x
P[break opening the inner safe] = y
P[accessing your items] = x * y

For any values you choose for x and y; P[accessing your items], when there is an inner safe is less than P[accessing your items] when there is only an outer safe.

For example, if x = 0.5 and y = 0.5,
With only an outer safe:
P[break opening the safe] = 0.5
P[accessing your items]   = 0.5

With an inner safe inside the outer safe:
P[break opening the outer safe] = 0.5
P[break opening the inner safe] = 0.5
P[accessing your items]         = 0.5 * 0.5 = 0.25

What's a 'Safe' in the Digital World?

A safe is an fixed sized enclosed space that stores your items and requires a key to unlock. In the digital world your items are data (bytes of information) stored in a fixed sized memory and a safe would be a means of protecting that memory space.

In operating systems, especially operating systems based on the Linux kernel, a user typically runs processes/tasks or reads/writes to memory in user space. The operating system itself runs in protected mode in kernel space. A user requests the operating system for access to resources in kernel space. Resources could be I/O devices, protected memory space, processor resources, etc. Requests are usually made using drivers which in turn use IOCTLs to provide custom functionality.

A user cannot access kernel space resources directly. So, in a way, one can think of everything in kernel space as being put in a safe (the outer safe) and access is restricted to users who have the root password OR via drivers. If there are no drivers then the only way to access resources in the safe is by the root.

For the purposes of this discussion, lets assume the resource we are interested in accessing is data in a fixed sized memory space in kernel space. Using the same idea described in the previous section if we can install an inner safe within the outer safe, in this case a kernel within a kernel, the probability of accessing data within the inner kernel is reduced and hence a means of increased security for the data. A protected mode within a protected mode!!

Of course, we would need a means of accessing the inner safe from the outer safe by means of a driver. In a mobile device, everything is stored as bytes of data and drivers can be loaded/unloaded as required thus adding another layer of security. Further, there is nothing stopping the driver from 'loading' the inner kernel at run-time. So the driver only loads the inner kernel with required, accesses the protected data in the inner kernel and shuts it down when done. The inner kernel is modified for every modify/write of data into its protected memory. So, in affect the inner safe does not exist unless it is required to access the data!

It should be possible to create multiple such independent inner safes to protect different items and load them at run time.

Isn't virtualization the same thing?

No. Simplistically put virtualization techniques typically allow one to virtualize hardware resources in order to run different operating systems on the same hardware so that, you can install and run different software applications on the same hardware and hardware resources, and everything is managed by the virtualization environment.

The aim of a kernel within a kernel is to provide an added level of security to data which is already running in protected mode.

Can I put another Safe inside the Inner Safe?

Sure you can, but the marginal advantage of having more than two safes would eventually diminish to 0 unless the locking mechanism at each inner safe is completely different from the other safes. Essentially making it difficult for anyone to break open each safe (as the locking mechanism at each safe is different).

READ vs. READ, MODIFY, WRITE

Breaking into an inner safe will allow one to read the contents of the inner safe. Modifying the contents is a totally different activity. However, once read the data is compromised. In case of an inner kernel, breaking into an inner kernel will potentially allow one to read the contents of its protected memory, modify it and write back. READ-MODIFY-WRITE, is easier in the digital world.

Moreover, creating the inner kernel would require one to hard-code certain kernel data that is unique to that version of the inner kernel and also ensure that that uniqueness persists even when the kernel is shutdown.

An Inner Safe cannot be duplicated but an Inner Kernel can...

Hmm... I guess it can.

Conclusion

I'm no expert on data security nor on Linux Kernel Internals and unless I make an attempt to write a driver to access an internal kernel, the intricacies and challenges involved in implementing it are beyond my own understanding.

If you are really paranoid about securing your data, take a space flight to the moon, find an undisclosed uninhabited area, dig a hole, bury it, and don't tell anyone.

What's your cloud footprint?

Dear Reader,

How are you? It has not been a very wet monsoon last year in India although the clouds tell a different story in Bangalore (This sentence is now obsolete as the monsoon season and the winter season have passed and it is summer at the time of finishing this post). So do cloud technologies and cloud based applications. There have been numerous announcements, press releases, software stacks, APIs, etc, around cloud based technologies and more are happening every day and very quickly. Personally, I think cloud based applications have a huge potential for the right people albeit with some, but not impossible speed bumps.

When I come across a cloud based application, my first instinct is to weight the pros and cons of using a cloud based service. And to better understand my own "cloud preferences" I set out to find my cloud footprint

If you feel there is a better way to estimate ones cloud footprint. Let me know in the comments section.

Regards,
Jyothin

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What is 'Cloud Footprint'?

Let's first define two terms that I will be using extensively in this blog,
       cloud, in the cloud
       [any data that you cannot physically move yourself but can be accessed (read/write) from a reliable network connection]
       going all cloudy
       [implies a shift to to an all "in the cloud" approach]

Terms analogous to the above are clear, in the clear, going all clear.

Going completely cloudy, implies all your data is in the cloud and a network connection is essential. Going completely clear, implies all your data is physically accessible to you at all times and you do not need a network connection to access it.

By the above definitions,

• Public email services like Gmail, Yahoo mail, Hotmail, etc. constitute data that is in the cloud
• Your office email (not based on a cloud email service) is not in the public cloud but more like in a private cloud
• Your Facebook, G+, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, Reddit posts and data are all in the cloud
• Content, such as photos, images, audio, video that is accessible from a public network is all in the cloud
• Your personal storage on laptops, HDD, etc. are all clear
• Your search queries on Google, Bing, etc. are in the cloud
• Home videos on DVD, VHS tapes (if you still have them) are all clear
• Notes you take on paper, documents, copies of documents, etc. are all clear

       cloud footprint
       [is an indication of your inherent preference for cloud based applications]

It became very apparent to me that network access, specifically Internet access, is a key component of accessing data in the cloud. You could download all your Instagram photos onto your Desktop PC or laptop and say that you are not using a network to access the data - but then once you've downloaded the photos, they are clear. Moreover, if your data is updated in real-time, you no longer have the latest up-to-date snapshot of the data and hence it is obsolete.

Cloud does not only include your own data by also includes other people's data that you can read. For example, watching YouTube videos also constitutes cloud data, even if it does not occupy your own storage space. The best way to quantify this aspect of your cloud data is by the amount of data that is transferred between you and any cloud based service that you access. By that means, digital broadcast television/radio is also cloud data because technically it can be replaced by a combination of cloud based content delivery services (reading news on a news website vs. watching the news on the TV) and you pay for both.

Hence,
        cloud footprint = function of (
                                     your in the cloud storage,
                                     data transferred between you and a cloud service,
                                     your own personal storage,
                                     physical effort to access your personal storage
                               )

more precisely,
       cloud footprint = Your cloud storage
                          + Your total data transfer
                           - Your personal storage
                           - Your physical effort to access your personal storage

For simplicity, lets assume the everyone's physical effort in accessing their personal storage is 0. Also, note that a 0 footprint value could either mean equal preference for both cloud and non-cloud OR no preference at all!

With that in mind, my own cloud footprint parameters are shown in the sections below.

My Cloud Storage

My Network Footprint

My Personal Storage

My Cloud Footprint

And therefore my cloud footprint,

Therefore, it looks like my inherent preference for cloud based technologies is negative. This makes me an ideal candidate for services to target and increase my cloud footprint. Targeting me alone is not going to lead to any significant increase in the overall usage of cloud services. So, please leave me alone.

However, I wasn't too surprised by my negative footprint as I'm intentionally not quick to upload content quickly. For one, I'm not a social media junkie and tend to limit myself to only important posts on social media sites. I have rarely post or comment on website like reddit, Instagram, etc. and have limited usage of WhatApp and other chat apps.

My initial reaction to calculating my cloud footprint is that a large % of the population probably has a negative cloud footprint.

Non Quantifiable Factors

The debate of whether a cloud based service has more advantages than disadvantages is incomplete without attempting to understand non-quantifiable benefits of using a cloud service. I've listed below some non-quantifiable factors that I think are important using a new cloud service.

Obviously, the importance of the above non-quantifiable factors vary individual to individual. IMO, omni-access is a factor that I personally prefer having in addition to omni-connectedness. I'd also like to have the option to Full-Delete my data whenever I want to but that's quite impossible when your data is in the cloud, but as easy as `$> rm -rf *` on data in my personal devices.

Data security is pretty much taken as default when using a cloud service. Or rather data security is a hidden cost when using a cloud service. Most cloud services guarantee a certain level of data security and assured data access at any time. On the other hand securing your private data is an added effort with additional costs to be borne by an individual. Below a summary of my data security costs.

What are the Costs?

Another way to decide on whether you prefer using a cloud service is to look at the costs associated with your current cloud footprint. Tabulated below is my approximate costs as estimated for my cloud footprint. If you want to take a look at the details of the estimates below or feel something is amiss, drop me a separate note in the comments section.

Clearly, as of my current cloud footprint, its costing me more to use cloud based services than using my personal storage! And it is only going to cost me more to use new cloud based services.

Completely Cloudy vs. Complete Clear or In-between?

If the convenience of omni-access, omni-share, omni-connectedness are your priorities then going all cloudy is the way to go.

Is there an ideal 'cloud' to 'clear' mix? One can't say for sure and it depends a lot on one's personal preferences and more importantly on one's behavioral patterns to consuming NEW data.

With new technologies all based in the cloud one would expect the overall cloud footprint to increase over time. With high capacity consumer memory devices getting cheaper, there isn't anything stopping consumer electronics from increasing memory capacities to store content thereby reducing the dependence on cloud based services.

Again, one can't really say.

Enterprises, on the other hand, have very compelling reasons to use cloud based services. A cloud service is pretty much an operating expense and less capital intensive than setting up the infrastructure to build an enterprise owned private cloud and provide all their employees a means to access it. There will also be other enterprise level factors to consider when estimating a enterprise's cloud footprint.

Whatever the course, life is not going to come to a standstill going completely cloudy or going completely clear but you will still need an umbrella when it rains.

The Seven Ages of Man

All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players.
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
Then, the whining school-boy with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then, a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden, and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth. And then, the justice,
In fair round belly, with a good capon lined,
With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws, and modern instances,
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slippered pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,
His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank, and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.

- William Shakespeare

If you are a man, at some point in your life you would have gone through or experienced at least one of the seven stages of man. Of course, the time a man spends in each stage varies from man to man.

Knowing which stage a man is in helps in either managing or being managed in an organization. 

I wonder if there is something similar for women?